IMMUNOGLOBULINS LEVEL

• Immunodiffusion medium - ready-to-use agar gel with wells containing highly specific to human IgG immune serum.
• Control - is a mixture of purified human immunoglobulins of classes G, A, and M with known concentrations.
• The volume of sample for analysis - 3 μL.
• Assay time - 24 hours.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are a group of glycoproteins found in mammalian plasma and tissue fluid. Five classes of immunoglobulins are found in humans - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in function, molecular size, charge, and carbohydrate content.

IgG is the main isotype of immunoglobulins in normal human serum, comprising for 70-75% of the total amount of serum immunoglobulins. Its concentration normally ranges from 6.0 to 16.0 g/L. Class G immunoglobulins are major class of antibodies of the secondary immune response, they are synthesized for a longer time after an antigenic stimulus and have the unique property of initiating anti- and pro-inflammatory reactions. Antibodies of this class bind also soluble antigens, so they are the main part of antitoxins. In humans, IgG is transported from mother to fetus across the placenta, creating passive immunity for the neonatal period. Excessive production of immunoglobulins G may be associated with an active infectious process, certain types of immunoproliferative diseases, or other conditions that lead to hyperstimulation of B-cell clones that produce IgG. IgG deficiency can be primary (congenital), which is rare, or secondary (acquired), caused by factors that suppress humoral immunity.

To determine the content of total human IgG in diagnostic laboratories, the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method is widely used, which is considered the standard for measuring of different classes immunoglobulins in human serum and plasma.

• Immunodiffusion medium - ready-to-use agar gel with wells containing highly specific immune serum to human IgA.
• Control - a mixture of purified polyclonal antibodies of classes G, A, and M of human with known concentrations.
• Sample volume for analysis - 3 µL.
• Analysis time - 24 hours.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are a group of glycoproteins found in the blood plasma and tissue fluid of mammals. Five classes of immunoglobulins are found in humans - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in molecular size, charge, and carbohydrate content.

IgA presents in two forms - serum and secretory, in serum comprise up 15% of all immunoglobulins, and can be both in monomeric form and as a dimer. Its concentration in normal ranges from 0,8 to 3,0 g/L. Serum immunoglobulin A can activate complement in an alternative pathway and neutralize microbes and toxins circulating in the blood, but its action is weaker than secretory IgA.

Secretory IgA neutralizes bacterial toxins, localizes viruses, and stimulates phagocytosis, providing local resistance to infection. An increased IgA concentration is observed in many inflammatory diseases: acute and chronic bacterial, fungal, parasite infection, chronic liver disease, and cirrhosis. A reduced IgA level is observed at physiologic hypogammaglobulinemia in children (at the age of 3-5 months), congenital hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, neoplasms of the immune system, treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants.

To determine the content of total human IgA in diagnostic laboratories, the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method is widely used, which is considered the standard for measuring of different classes immunoglobulins in human serum and plasma.

• Immunodiffusion medium - ready-to-use agar gel with wells containing highly specific human IgM immune serum.
• Control - a mixture of purified polyclonal antibodies of classes G, A, and M with known concentrations.
• Sample volume for analysis - 3 μL.
• Analysis time - 48 hours.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are a group of glycoproteins found in mammalian plasma and tissue fluid. In humans, as well as in most higher mammals, five classes of immunoglobulins are found - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in molecular size, charge, and carbohydrate content.

IgM is the first immunoglobulin to be synthesized in response to primary antigenic stimulation and is a marker of the primary immune response. The high avidity of IgM antibodies makes them particularly effective at binding antigens present at low levels and non-protein antigens, such as carbohydrates or lipids, present on microbial surfaces. A very important property of IgM is the activation of phagocytosis. Polyreactive “natural” IgM, which is detected in human serum starting from the 20th week of pregnancy, plays an important role in the innate defense against infectious pathogens. The content of IgM is 5-10% of all serum immunoglobulins. Normally, the concentration of M-class immunoglobulins in the blood ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 g/L. Elevated IgM level is observed in acute and chronic infections, rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic lymphocytosis, myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, endothelioma, osteosarcoma, candidiasis, and cystic fibrosis. Also, a significant increase in the amount of IgM occurs in hyperimmunoglobulinemia M.

Decreased IgM concentration is observed at physiological hypogammaglobulinemia in children (aged 3-5 months), congenital hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, neoplasms of the immune system, treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants, and ionizing radiation exposure. To determine the content of total human IgM in diagnostic laboratories, the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method is widely used, which is considered the standard for measuring of different classes immunoglobulins in human serum and plasma.